Alimentary Canal - How the Digestive System Works

Food is the fuel of the body. But before it can be of any use, it must be properly processed. The body's food processing plant is the alimentary canal, a muscular tube about 10 m (33ft) long which starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. When food is put in the mouth, it is tested for taste and temperature by the tongue. Solid food is bitten off by the front teeth (incisors), and then chewed by the back teeth or molars. Even before the food is tasted, and during chewing, saliva pours into the mouth from salivary glands near the lower jaw. Saliva moistens food, and the enzymes it contains start digestion. By the time it is ready to be swallowed; the original mouthful has been transformed into a soft ball, called a bolus, and warmed or cooled to the right temperature. Though quick, this stage is in fact quite complex. First the tongue pushes the bolus of food up against the roof of the mouth and into the muscle-lined cavity at the back of the mouth: the pharynx. Once food is in the pharynx, several activities take place within the space of a couple of seconds to prevent swallowing from interfering with breathing. From the pharynx, the bolus now passes into the oesophagus, or gullet, the tube joining the mouth to the stomach. The bolus does not just fall down the oesophagus because of gravity but is pushed along by waves of muscle action called peristalsis. Except during eating, the oesophagus is kept closed by a ring of muscles called the cardiac sphincter which prevents the highly acid contents of the stomach from being regurgitated into the oesophagus. As a bolus of food passes down the oesophagus, the sphincter relaxes to open the pathway into the stomach. A6OXNR4S
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